Chapter 22:
Summary:
Western society's industrial breakthrough grew out of a long process of economic and social change in which the rise of capitalism, overseas expansion, and the growth of rural industry stood out as critical preparatory developments. Eventually taking the lead in all of these developments, and also profiting from stable government, abundant natural resources, and flexible labor force,, Britain experienced between the 1780's and the 1850's an epoch-making transformation, one that is still aptly termed the Industrial Revolution.
Building on technical breakthroughs, power-driven equipment, and large-scale enterprise, the Industrial Revolution in England greatly increased output in certain radically altered industries, stimulated the large handicraft and commercial sectors, and speeded up overall economic growth. Rugged Scotland industrialized at least as fast as England, and Great Britain became the first industrial nation. By 1850 the level of British per capita industrial production was surpassing continental levels by a growing margin, and Britain savored a near monopoly in world markets for mass-produced goods.
Continental countries inevitably took rather different paths to the urban industrial society. They relied ore on handicraft production in both towns ans villages. only in the 1840's did railroad construction begin to create the strong demand for iron, coal, and railway equipment that speeded up the process of industrialization in the 1850's and 1860's.
Key Concepts:
Industrial Revolution in Great Brittan
Industrialization in continental Europe
Capital Labor
Major Questions:
1. What then characterized the Industrial Revolution?
2. What were its origins, and how did it develop?
3.how did the changes it brought affect people and society in an era of continued rapid population growth?
Pictures and Captions:
.
Western society's industrial breakthrough grew out of a long process of economic and social change in which the rise of capitalism, overseas expansion, and the growth of rural industry stood out as critical preparatory developments. Eventually taking the lead in all of these developments, and also profiting from stable government, abundant natural resources, and flexible labor force,, Britain experienced between the 1780's and the 1850's an epoch-making transformation, one that is still aptly termed the Industrial Revolution.
Building on technical breakthroughs, power-driven equipment, and large-scale enterprise, the Industrial Revolution in England greatly increased output in certain radically altered industries, stimulated the large handicraft and commercial sectors, and speeded up overall economic growth. Rugged Scotland industrialized at least as fast as England, and Great Britain became the first industrial nation. By 1850 the level of British per capita industrial production was surpassing continental levels by a growing margin, and Britain savored a near monopoly in world markets for mass-produced goods.
Continental countries inevitably took rather different paths to the urban industrial society. They relied ore on handicraft production in both towns ans villages. only in the 1840's did railroad construction begin to create the strong demand for iron, coal, and railway equipment that speeded up the process of industrialization in the 1850's and 1860's.
Key Concepts:
Industrial Revolution in Great Brittan
Industrialization in continental Europe
Capital Labor
Major Questions:
1. What then characterized the Industrial Revolution?
2. What were its origins, and how did it develop?
3.how did the changes it brought affect people and society in an era of continued rapid population growth?
Pictures and Captions:
.
Chapter 23:
In 1848 the victorious allied powers sought to restore peace and stability in Europe. Dealing moderately with France and wisely settling their own differences, the allies laid the foundations for beneficial international cooperation.throughout much of the nineteenth century. Led by Metternich, the conservative powers also sought to prevent the spread of subversive ideas and radical changes in domestic politics. Yet European thought has seldom been more powerfully creative than after 1815, and ideologies of liberalism. nationalism, and socialism all developed to challenge the existing order in this period of early industrialization and rapid population growth. The romantic movement, breaking decisively with the dictates of classicism, reinforced the spirit of change and revolutionary anticipation.
All of these forces culminated in the liberal and nationalistic revolutions of 1848. Political, economic, and social pressures that had been building since 1815 exploded dramatically, but the upheavals of 1848 were abortive and very few revolutionary goals were realized. The moderate, nationalistic middle classes were unable to consolidate their initial victories in France or elsewhere in Europe. Instead, they drew back when artisans, factory workers, and radical socialists rose up to pent their own much more revolutionary demands. This retreat facilitated the efforts of dedicated aristocrats in central Europe and made possible the crushing of Parisian workers by a coalition of solid bourgeoisie and landowning peasantry in France. A host of fears, a sea of blood, and a torrent of disillusion had drowned the lofty ideals and utopian visions for a generation. The age of romantic revolution began.
Key concepts:
The Peace Settlement
Radical Ideas and Early Socialism
The Romantic Movement
Reforms and revolutions
The Revolutions of 1848
Major questions:
1.How did thinkers develop these ideas to describe and shape the transformation going on before their eyes?
2.How did the artists and writers of the romantic movement also reflect and influence changes in this era?
3.How did the political revolution, derailed in France and resisted by European monarchs, eventually break out again after 1815?
4.Why did the revolutionary surge triumph briefly in 1848 and then fail almost completely?
Pictures and Captions:
All of these forces culminated in the liberal and nationalistic revolutions of 1848. Political, economic, and social pressures that had been building since 1815 exploded dramatically, but the upheavals of 1848 were abortive and very few revolutionary goals were realized. The moderate, nationalistic middle classes were unable to consolidate their initial victories in France or elsewhere in Europe. Instead, they drew back when artisans, factory workers, and radical socialists rose up to pent their own much more revolutionary demands. This retreat facilitated the efforts of dedicated aristocrats in central Europe and made possible the crushing of Parisian workers by a coalition of solid bourgeoisie and landowning peasantry in France. A host of fears, a sea of blood, and a torrent of disillusion had drowned the lofty ideals and utopian visions for a generation. The age of romantic revolution began.
Key concepts:
The Peace Settlement
Radical Ideas and Early Socialism
The Romantic Movement
Reforms and revolutions
The Revolutions of 1848
Major questions:
1.How did thinkers develop these ideas to describe and shape the transformation going on before their eyes?
2.How did the artists and writers of the romantic movement also reflect and influence changes in this era?
3.How did the political revolution, derailed in France and resisted by European monarchs, eventually break out again after 1815?
4.Why did the revolutionary surge triumph briefly in 1848 and then fail almost completely?
Pictures and Captions: